Introduction to c++

C++ is a powerful and versatile programming language that was designed as an extension of the C programming language. It was created by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Laboratories in the early 1980s. C++ combines procedural programming with object-oriented programming (OOP) features, providing both low-level and high-level programming capabilities. It has become one of the most widely used programming languages, finding applications in various domains, including system software, game development, embedded systems, and more.

Here are some key features and concepts in C++:

1. Syntax and Structure:

   • C++ inherits much of its syntax from the C language, making it relatively easy for C programmers to transition to C++.
   • Programs in C++ are organized into functions, and the basic structure includes header files, function declarations, and the main function (main()).

2. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):

   • C++ supports OOP principles such as encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
   • Classes and objects are fundamental concepts in C++. A class is a blueprint for creating objects, and objects are instances of classes.

3. Classes and Objects:

   • A class is a user-defined data type that encapsulates data and functions that operate on that data.
   • Objects are instances of classes, and they represent real-world entities.

4. Inheritance:

   • Inheritance allows a class (derived or child class) to inherit properties and behaviors from another class (base or parent class).
   • It promotes code reusability and the creation of a hierarchical class structure.

5. Polymorphism:

   • Polymorphism allows objects of different types to be treated as objects of a common type.
   • It includes function overloading and function overriding, enabling flexibility in method implementation.

6. Encapsulation:

   • Encapsulation refers to the bundling of data and methods that operate on that data within a single unit (class).
   • It helps in hiding the internal implementation details and exposing only the necessary interfaces.

7. Templates:

   • C++ supports templates, which allow generic programming. Templates enable the creation of generic classes and functions that work with different data types.

8. Standard Template Library (STL):

   • The STL is a collection of pre-built classes and functions that implement many popular data structures (e.g., vectors, queues, stacks) and algorithms.

9. Memory Management:

   • C++ provides features for manual memory management using new and delete operators. However, smart pointers and other memory management techniques can be used to automate memory handling.

10. Multi-paradigm Language:

    • C++ supports both procedural and object-oriented programming paradigms, providing flexibility in coding styles.

C++ is widely used in software development due to its performance, flexibility, and extensive community support. It has influenced the development of many other programming languages and continues to be a popular choice for a wide range of applications.

C++ LANGUAGE SYLLABUS

• Principles of Object Oriented Programming, Beginning with C++
• Basic concepts of procedure-oriented and objectorientedprogramming
• Benefits and Applications of OOP
• Structure of C++ program with simple C++ program
• C++ data types, Symbolic constants and Reference by variables
• Operators in C++ and Operator precedence
• Control structures
• Function in C++ , the main function, Function prototyping
• Call by reference & Return by reference
• Inline function & Default arguments
• Function overloading
• Classes and Objects
• Specifying a class- Defining member functions
• Private member functions & Nesting of member functions
• Arrays within a class
• Memory allocation for objects
• Static data members & Static member functions
• Arrays of objects
• Objects as function arguments
• Friendly functions
• Returning Objects
• Constructers and Destructors, Overloading
• Constructors
• Default constructor, Parameterized constructor &Copy constructor
• Multiple constructors, Constructors with default arguments & Dynamic constructor
• Destructors
• Operator overloading, Unary and Binary operator overloading
• Overloading using friends
• Rules for overloading
• Type conversion
• Inheritance
• Defining derived classes & Visibility modes
• Single, Multilevel, Multiple, Hierarchical and Hybrid inheritance
• Virtual base classes & Abstract classes-
• Constructors in derived classes
• Nesting of classes
• Pointers, Virtual Functions and Polymorphism, Working with Files
• Pointers
• Pointers to objects & this
• Pointers to derived classes
• Virtual functions & Pure virtual functions
• File Stream classes
• Opening and closing a file-
• File opening modes
• File pointers and their manipulations
• Sequential input and output operations